Comparative Evaluation of Fluoride Release From Two Different Glass Ionomer Cement and a Novel Alkasite Restorative Material - An in Vitro Study

Abstract Objective: To compare the fluoride release from Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC), Resin Modified GIC (RMGIC), and Cention N Alkasite Material. Material and Methods: Forty- five disc-shaped specimens of three different restorative materials (Conventional GIC, RMGIC, and Alkasite material) were made and divided into 3 groups (n=15). Fluoride release was evaluated at the end of Day 1, 7, 14, and Day 28 using fluoride ion-selective electrode. Intergroup and Intra-group analysis was done using One-way ANOVA with a Post-hoc test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Cention showed more fluoride release (in parts per million) than GIC and RMGIC at increased time duration. However, at the end of day 1, there was lesser fluoride release with Cention, as compared with the other groups. Conclusion: The new Alkasite restorative material showed promising results in terms of fluoride release and is better than GIC and RMGIC at increased time duration.

A simplified protocol to determine total fluoride concentration in NaF/silica-based toothpastes

Aim: To determine total fluoride (TF) concentration in Na2FPO3/Ca-based toothpastes, using fluoride ion selective electrode (F-ISE) by the direct technique, it is necessary to use acid (Ac+) to hydrolyze the FPO32- ion and to dissolve insoluble fluoride salts bound to the abrasive. For NaF/silica-based toothpastes, the use of acid is not necessary (Ac-) and a simplified protocol could be followed. Methods: Thus, we evaluated TF concentration in seven brands of NaF/silica-based toothpastes, following the validated conventional Cury's protocol (Ac+) or a simplification of this protocol (Ac-).Fluoride was analyzed with ISE calibrated with fluoride standard solutions prepared in the same conditions as the samples (Ac+ or Ac-). Results: The mean (±SD; n=21) of TF concentrations (µg F/g) found by Ac+ (971.3±191.2) and Ac- (982.4±201.3) protocols were not statistically different (t test, p=0.22). The TF concentrations found agree with those declared by the manufacturers, except for one toothpaste imported from China. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the determination of fluoride in NaF/silica-based toothpastes can be accurately made using a simplified protocol of analysis

Contenido de fluoruro en dentífricos de venta en el mercado nacional / Fluoride content in toothpastes sold in the national market

Introducción: Actualmente, existe una gran variedad de pastas dentales que se pueden encontrar en el mercado nacional, para diferentes propósitos. Entre éstas se hallan las empleadas para la prevención de caries. Éstas contienen fluoruro en diversas concentraciones como agente terapéutico, y casi en su totalidad estipulan en sus marbetes un contenido de 1,000 a 1,450 partes por millón (ppm) de fluoruro. Algunos estudios han mostrado que las concentraciones de fluoruro especificadas en la etiqueta y lo encontrado en el dentífrico no coinciden. Objetivo: Evaluar la concentración de fluoruro total con base en la Norma Mexicana NMX-K-539-CNCP-2013, que establece que los dentífricos no deben contener más de 1,500 ppm de fluoruro. Así como determinar si lo declarado en el marbete de sus empaques corresponde al contenido real de fluoruro. Material y métodos: El estudio se realizó, por triplicado, en 37 pastas dentífricas. El método para determinar la concentración de fluoruro fue el de ion selectivo, descrito por la Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Resultados: El promedio de concentración de este elemento fue de 1,262 ppm F- (± 170.7). El 59% de los dentífricos analizados no contienen la cantidad estipulada en el marbete. Conclusiones: Las concentraciones de fluoruro de los dentífricos se encuentran dentro de la Norma. Las concentraciones no corresponden a lo estipulado en el empaque (AU)

Introduction: Currently, there is a wide variety of toothpastes, which can be found in the national market, for different purposes. Among these are those used for the prevention of dental caries. These, contain fluoride in various concentrations as a therapeutic agent, and almost in their entirety, stipulate in their labels a content of 1,000 to 1,450 ppm of fluoride. Some studies have shown that the fluoride concentrations specified on the label, and what is found in the toothpaste do not match. Objective: To evaluate the concentration of total fluoride based on the Mexican Standard NMX-K-539-CNCP-2013, which establishes that toothpastes should not contain more than 1,500 ppm of fluoride. As well as determining if what is stated on the label of their packaging corresponds to the actual content of fluoride. Material and methods: The study was carried out, in triplicate, on 37 toothpastes. The method for determining the fluoride concentration was that of selective ion, described by the Pharmacopoeia of the United Mexican States. Results: The average concentration of this element was 1,262 ppm F- (± 170.7). Fifty nine percent of the dentifrices analyzed do not contain the amount stipulated in the label. Conclusions: The fluoride concentrations of dentifrices are within the Standard. The concentrations do not correspond to what is stipulated in the package (AU)

Concentração de íons flúor em águas minerais envasadas no Rio Grande do Sul / Concentration of fluoride ions in mineral water bottled in the state of Rio Grande do Sul

Objetivo: avaliar o nível de flúor presente nas águas minerais carbogasosas e não carbogasosas envasadas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, comparando os dados com as informações descritas nos rótulos das embalagens. Materiais e método: foram analisadas cinco marcas comerciais de água mineral. Os valores de padrão/ amostra e tampão Tisab foram utilizados em uma relação de 1:1, e as amostras foram lidas em duplicata. As amostras carbogasosas foram agitadas com bastão magnético para eliminação do gás carbônico. Para determinação de flúor, foram utilizados analisador específico de íons, eletrodo seletivo para íon flúor, eletrodo de referência Ag/AgCl de junção simples. Resultados: foram encontradas concentrações de flúor variando entre 0,13 mg F-/L e 1,31 mg F-/L, com diferenças entre os valores estipulados nos rótulos das marcas de água mineral avaliadas e as análises laboratoriais na presente investigação. Os valores de duas marcas de água mineral com flúor analisadas no estudo mostraram-se acima, considerando os valores de referência (0,6-0,8 mg F-/L), e uma marca não apresentou valores de ação preventiva contra a cárie dentária (valores abaixo de 0,6 mg F-/ L). Conclusão: conclui-se que há divergência entre os valores de íons flúor encontrados nas medições e os informados nos rótulos, sendo necessário um sistema de melhor vigilância para o controle dos níveis de flúor nas águas minerais disponibilizadas à população do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, considerando os benefícios do consumo de águas minerais para prevenção dos níveis de cárie na população. (AU)

Objective: quantify the fluoride level in carbogaseous and non-carbogaseous mineral waters bottled in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as well as to compare the data with the information described on the package labels. Materials and method: five brands of mineral water were analyzed. Standard/sample values and Tisab buffer were used in a ratio of 1:1, and the samples were read in duplicates. The carbogaseous samples were shaken with a magnetic rod to eliminate the carbon dioxide. For fluoride determination, a specific ion analyzer was used, as well as a fluoride ion-selective electrode, single-junction Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Results: fluoride concentrations ranging from 0.13 mg F-/L to 1.31 mg F-/L were found, with differences between the values specified in the labels of the mineral water brands evaluated and the laboratory analyses of the present investigation. The values of two brands of mineral water with fluoride analyzed in the study were high, considering the reference values (0.6-0.8 mg F-/L), and one brand did not present values of preventive action against dental caries (below 0.6 mg F-/L). Conclusion: there is a divergence between the values of fluoride ions measured and those reported on the labels, which requires a better surveillance system for controlling fluoride levels in the mineral waters offered to the population of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, considering the benefits of mineral water consumption to prevent caries levels in the population. (AU)

Fluoride concentration in Peruvian salts determined with specific electrode by the direct method

According to the Peruvian legislation, salt for human consumption should contain 200-250 mg F/kg, but there is limited data showing whether this requirement is being accomplished. Aim: In this pilot study, we evaluated the fluoride concentration in samples of salt marketed in Lima, Peru, using a standardized protocol with ion-specific electrode by direct method (ISE). Methods: Seven 1 kg salt packages of four brands were purchased in two supermarkets of Lima. Six aliquots of each package were weighed and dissolved in the proportion of 0.025 g/mL of water. Duplicates of 1.0 mL of these solutions were mixed with 1.0 mL of TISAB II and fluoride concentration was determined with ISE calibrated with standards fluoride solutions ranging from 0.25 to 16.0 µg F/mL. The ionic strength of the standards was adjusted with p.a NaCL (25 mg/mL). In addition, triplicates of 15 g of each salt package were fractionated in a set of sieves (0.590 to 0.177 mm) to determine the homogeneity of fluoride concentration in salt. Results: In four packages the mean fluoride (mean±SD,n=6) concentration (mg F/kg) was in agreement to the Peruvian regulation (214.5±10.4; 221.8±14.3; 226.9±19.1 and 237.2±52.0 mg F/kg), but in 3 packages it was lower (145.2±7.9; 145.7±23.3 and 158.4±20.6 mg F/kg). Variability in fluoride concentration was observed within the same brand and among brands. Also, the fluoride concentration was not homogeneous in none of the salt samples, ranging from 72.0 to 1449.7 mg F/kg. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the manufacturing and sanitary surveillance of fluoridated salt in Peru should be improved

Determinação de fluoreto em baixas concentrações: validação de método com eletrodo íon seletivo para análise da água utilizada na preparação de soluções de diálise / Determination of fluoride at low concentrations: validation of method using ion selective electrode to analyze the water used in the preparation of dialysis solutions

Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia analítica para determinar a concentração de fluoreto em água empregada para a preparação de soluções de diálise, por meio de potenciometria com eletrodo íon seletivo. Os parâmetros de validação investigados foram: seletividade, homoscedasticidade, linearidade, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação, veracidade de medição e precisão. As condições otimizadas de análise foram: tampão HOAc/-OAc/NaCl/CDTA (pH = 5,0 ± 0,1), na proporção 10:1 (amostra/tampão); concentrações das soluções-padrão da curva analítica: 0,05 a 0,80 mg/L. O método avaliado exibiu parâmetros de validação adequados com limites de detecção e de quantificação, respectivamente, de 0,020 e 0,050 mg/L. Ademais, foi também desenvolvida e validada uma planilha eletrônica para efetuar o monitoramento da qualidade da curva analítica do método que calcula o limite de decisão para 0,20 mg/L...

Evaluation of fluoride bioavailability in toothpastes / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to determine the total fluoride concentration and bioavailable fluoride concentration in different toothpastes, based on a newly suggested method by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and to compare the measured concentrations with the concentrations written on the packaging. METHODS: The concentrations of total fluoride (TF) and bioavailable fluoride (BF) were measured in six toothpastes. For the TF measurement, 1 g of each toothpaste was mixed with dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4), and hydrogen chloride (HCl) was placed. After 24 hours, the samples were centrifuged and total ionic strength adjustment buffer (TISAB) solution was added. For the BF measurement, the toothpaste was mixed with K2HPO4 for only 1 minute. The samples were centrifuged, and then HCl was placed and allowed to stand for 24 hours. The TISAB solution was added subsequently. The concentration of fluoride ions was measured using a fluoride ion-selective electrode and calculated against a standard curve. RESULTS: The six toothpastes were composed of different fluoride compounds and abrasives. The measured TF concentration ranged from 624.99 ppm to 1,353.00 ppm, and the similarity to the declared fluoride concentration ranged from 53.48% to 93.31%. The measured BF concentration ranged from 587.61 ppm to 1,360.05 ppm, and the similarity to the expected fluoride concentration ranged from 41.97% to 93.80%. Two samples were clearly separated when the samples were centrifuged, whereas the remaining four samples had unclear supernatants. The clearly separated toothpastes (i.e., toothpastes 5 and 6) had BF concentrations that were similar to or lower than the declared fluoride concentrations and the measured TF concentrations. However, the unclearly separated toothpastes showed inconsistent relationships between the measured TF and BF concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The measured TF and BF concentrations of the six toothpastes did not reach the expected fluoride concentration. This finding resulted from the different compositions and forms of the toothpastes. Therefore, the properties of toothpastes need to be considered when measuring their fluoride concentrations.

Concentración de fluoruro en aguas embotelladas comercializadas en Chile: importancia en caries y fluorosis dental / Fluoride concentration in bottled waters sold in Chile

Background: Bottled water consumption has currently increased and their fluoride (F) concentration may not be ideal in terms of caries benefit or risk of fluorosis. While low concentrations would have little anticaries effect, high F concentration would increase the risk of dental fluorosis. Aim: To measure F concentration in bottled waters sold in Chile. Material and Methods: Thirty bottles of water were purchased (15 sold as mineral water, six sold as purified water and nine as favored water). Samples were analyzed in duplicate with a previously calibrated ion-specific electrode. Mean F concentration of each product was calculated and expressed as ppm F (mg F/L). Results: A mean (± SD) concentration of 0.39 ± 0.42, 0.02 ± 0.006 and 0.11 ± 0.18 ppm F for mineral, purified and favored waters respectively, was found. Three samples were within the optimal F concentration recommended for drinking water in Chile, which ranges from 0.6 to 1.0 ppm F. Two were above such concentration and the others below. Only two waters displayed F concentration information in the label, which was corroborated by the analysis. Conclusions: Only 10% of the bottled waters commercialized in Chile have potential to prevent caries. The F concentration in most of them does not represent an increased risk of fluorosis.

Avaliação de sódio, potássio e cloretos em diferentes tipos de amostras empregando uma metodologia ISE direto / Evaluation of sodium, potassium and chloride in different types of samples using Direct Method ISE

A tecnologia do eletrodo íon-seletivo (ISE) direto determina a concentração de eletrólitos no componente plasmático do sangue total ou em outros tipos de amostras não diluídas. Este estudo objetivou determinar a ocorrência de diferenças significativas entre os resultados de sódio, potássio e cloretos obtidos por um analisador de gases sanguíneos / eletrólitos integrados, método ISE direto entre amostras de soro e de sangue total arterial. Foi feito um estudo retrospectivo, prospectivo, quantitativo, por meio de busca de dados em arquivo do Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Hospital Universitário Oeste do Paraná (HUOP). Nesta pesquisa, foram incluídas 206 amostras de pacientes admitidos no HUOP de diferentes setores, de ambos os gêneros e com idade variada. Todos os resultados foram comparados pelo Teste de Wilcoxon com um p<= 0,005 indicando significância estatística. Observou-se diferença significativa entre os valores dos constituintes potássio (p=0,0003) e sódio (p=0,035) obtidos a partir do soro e sangue total arterial pelo método ISE direto. Porém não houve diferença significativa entre os valores de cloretos obtidos a partir desses dois tipo de amostras.

Estimation of Toothpaste Fluoride Intake in Preschool Children

The objective of this study was to estimate the intake of toothpaste fluoride used by children aged 2 to 6 years (n=87) treated at a hospital of a medium-sized city (Campina Grande, PB) in the Northeastern region of Brazil. Data regarding sociodemographic characteristics of families and children's toothbrushing were collected from questionnaire-based interviews with parents/guardians, and the amount of fluoride used during toothbrushing was estimated using a precision scale for assessment of the risk of dental fluorosis, considering a cutoff value of 0.07 mgF/kg body weight/day. Fluoride content in the toothpastes was analyzed using a specific fluoride electrode. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using the chi-square and Fisher's exact tests (α=0.05). Considering the use of the derice, the risk of fluorosis in the children was 19.5%. There was significant association (p<0.05) between the risk of fluorosis, brushing frequency, type of derice and who performed the child's oral hygiene. It was concluded that a high percentage of children in the studied sample used toothpaste inappropriately and were at risk of developing dental fluorosis.

Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estimar a ingestão de flúor de derícios utilizados por crianças de 2 a 6 anos de idade (n=87) atendidas em um hospital de médio porte (Campina Grande, PB) na região nordeste do Brasil. Os dados envolveram características sócio-demográficas e escovação dentária das crianças através de uma entrevista com formulário específico, aplicado aos pais/responsáveis, e a quantidade de flúor utilizada na escovação da criança, por meio de balança de precisão, para avaliação do risco de fluorose dentária, considerando o ponto de corte 0,07 mgF/kg peso corporal/dia. O conteúdo de flúor nos cremes dentais foi analisado utilizando eletrodo específico. Os dados foram trabalhados sob a forma de estatística descritiva e inferencial usando o testes do Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher (α= 0,05). Levando-se em consideração o uso do derício, o risco de fluorose das crianças pesquisadas foi 19,5%. Houve associação significativa entre o risco de fluorose, a frequência de escovação, o tipo de derício e quem realiza a higiene bucal da criança (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que elevada parcela das crianças usavam o derício de forma inadequada e apresentaram risco de fluorose. .

Evaluation of the CS-6400 Automated Chemistry Analyzer / 임상검사와정도관리

BACKGROUND: Analyzing large numbers of specimens in a short time and generating accurate results while minimizing costs are critical to laboratory tests. The CS-6400 (Dong-A Dirui, China), an automated chemistry analyzer, has been recently developed in China in collaboration with domestic corporations. To assess the performance and usability of the analyzer, we evaluated its analytical performance and clinical usefulness including accuracy and linearity of electrolytes and chemistry tests using HiSens reagent (HBI Co., Korea) with protocols provided by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, and compared these results with those of the formerly used DXC800 (Beckman Coulter, USA), and Vista500 (Siemens, Germany). METHODS: The accuracy, linearity, recovery factor, and sample carryover of the CS-6400 using HiSens reagent were determined for 29 tests-aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma glutamyl transferase, glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), amylase, lipase, creatine kinase (CK), blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, albumin, total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin (DB), calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium (MG), HDL cholesterol, rheumatoid factor (RF), LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, anti-streptolysin O, sodium, potassium, and chloride and the results were compared with the values obtained from the DXC800 and Vista500 to set reference intervals for each test. Serum samples obtained from 128 healthy adults were used for the reference intervals. and values obtained from DXC800 and Vista500 were used to make comparison on and to set reference intervals for each routine. Serum specimens obtained from a total of 128 healthy adults were used for the reference intervals. RESULTS: The coefficient of variation showed excellent values of or =5%). The coefficient of determination (R2) was > or =0.993 with linearity between 0.928 and 1.078 within the useful clinical span. In addition, the recovery factor values of the tests were 84% to 108%, and correlation comparisons were 0.975 except for albumin (0.9516), RF (0.7617), and LDL cholesterol (0.9709). We evaluated whether the CS-6400 contributed to the attempt to minimize the test's cost and running time. Developed in China, the CS-6400 has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and uses indirect ion selective electrodes for electrolytes and colorimetry and turbidimetry for general and specific chemistry items. The tests showed excellent linearity of > or =0.993 using commercial certified linearity material. The recovery factor values of the tests were 93% to 108%, except for LDL cholesterol (84%). Except for the minimum values, percentage sample carryover values for CK and LDH were < or =1% (0.00% and 0.07%, respectively), suggesting that the results of the tests were not affected by sample carryover, and reference interval was present based on sex. CONCLUSIONS: The CS-6400 with HiSens showed excellent analytical performance (precision, linearity, and accuracy). Furthermore, results from the CS-6400 were highly correlated with those obtained from similar tests performed on DXC800 and Vista500. Therefore, the CS-6400 is appropriate for tertiary care hospitals where large volumes of test samples must be processed within a short period with minimal cost.

Effect of beverages on bovine dental enamel subjected to erosive challenge with hydrochloric acid

This study evaluated by an in vitro model the effect of beverages on dental enamel previously subjected to erosive challenge with hydrochloric acid. The factor under study was the type of beverage, in five levels: Sprite® Zero Low-calorie Soda Lime (positive control), Parmalat® ultra high temperature (UHT) milk, Ades® Original soymilk, Leão® Ice Tea Zero ready-to-drink low-calorie peach-flavored black teaand Prata® natural mineral water (negative control). Seventy-five bovine enamel specimens were distributed among the five types of beverages (n=15), according to a randomized complete block design. For the formation of erosive wear lesions, the specimens were immersed in 10 mL aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid 0.01 M for 2 min. Subsequently, the specimens were immersed in 20 mL of the beverages for 1 min, twice daily for 2 days at room temperature. In between, the specimens were kept in 20 mL of artificial saliva at 37ºC. The response variable was the quantitative enamel microhardness. ANOVA and Tukey's test showed highly significant differences (p<0.00001) in the enamel exposed to hydrochloric acid and beverages. The soft drink caused a significantly higher decrease in microhardness compared with the other beverages. The black tea caused a significantly higher reduction in microhardness than the mineral water, UHT milk and soymilk, but lower than the soft drink. Among the analyzed beverages, the soft drink and the black tea caused the most deleterious effects on dental enamel microhardness.

Este estudo avaliou através de um modelo in vitro o efeito de bebidas no esmalte dental previamente submetido a desafio erosivo com ácido clorídrico. O fator em estudo foi o tipo de bebida, em cinco níveis: Sprite Zero (Coca-Cola® Brasil) controle positivo, leite integral Ultra High Temperature (Parmalat®), extrato de soja integral (Ades® Original), chá preto com baixo teor calórico sabor pêssego (Leão Ice Tea Zero Coca-Cola® Brasil) e água mineral Prata® (controle negativo). Setenta e cinco espécimes de esmalte bovino foram distribuídos entre os cinco tipos de bebidas (n = 15), de acordo com delineamento em blocos completos e casualizados. Para a formação das lesões de desgaste erosivo, os espécimes foram imersos durante 2 min em 10 mL de solução aquosa de ácido clorídrico 0,01 M. Subsequentemente foram imersos em 20 mL das bebidas por 1 min, duas vezes ao dia durante 2 dias, em temperatura ambiente. Nos intervalos entre as imersões os espécimes permaneceram em saliva artificial a 37ºC. A variável de resposta quantitativa foi microdureza superficial do esmalte. ANOVA e teste de Tukey demonstraram diferenças altamente significativas (p <0,00001) no esmalte exposto ao ácido clorídrico e às bebidas. O refrigerante provocou diminuição da microdureza superficial significativamente maior do que as demais bebidas. O chá preto provocou diminuição da microdureza significativamente maior que a água mineral, o leite UHT e o extrato de soja, porém menor que o refrigerante.Entre as bebidas analisadas, refrigerante e chá preto demonstraram efeitos mais deletérios sobre a microdureza do esmalte dental.

Fluoride concentration in public water supply: 72 months of analysis

Known as one of the ten most important advances on Public Health in the 20th century, fluoridation of public water supply is a measure of wide population coverage, which is effective on caries control. The city of Araçatuba, in the Northwest region of the São Paulo state, Brazil, started public water supply fluoridation in 1972 and, based on the average annual highest temperature, has kept the fluoride concentration between 0.6 to 0.8 mgF/L. The purpose of this study was to analyze monthly the fluoride concentration in public water supply in the city of Araçatuba during 72 months. Water samples were collected monthly on weekdays, directly from the water distribution network, on pre-established locations and analyzed in duplicate between November 2004 and October 2010 at the Research Laboratory of the Nucleus for Public Health (NEPESCO) of the Public Health Graduate Program from Araçatuba Dental School/UNESP, Brazil, using an fluoride-specific electrode connected to an ion analyzer. From the total of samples (n=591), 67.2% (n=397) presented fluoride concentration between 0.6 and 0.8 mgF/L; 20.6% (n=122) below 0.6 mgF/L; 11.5% (n=68) between 0.8 and 1.2 mgF/L and 0.7% (n=4) above 1.2 mgF/L. Most samples showed fluoride levels within the recommended parameters. Minimal variation was observed among the analyzed collection locations, showing that the city has been able to control the fluoride levels in the public water supply and reinforcing the importance of surveillance and constant monitoring to assure the quality of the water delivered to the population.

Reconhecida como um dos dez mais importantes avanços na Saúde Pública do século 20, a fluoretação das águas de abastecimento é uma medida de grande alcance populacional, eficaz no controle da cárie dentária. A cidade de Araçatuba, na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo, iniciou a fluoretação em 1972 e baseado na média da temperatura máxima anual, deve manter o teor de flúor entre 0,6 a 0,8 mgF/L. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar mensalmente os teores de fluoretos nas águas de abastecimento público, no município de Araçatuba, durante 72 meses. Amostras de água foram coletadas mensalmente, em dias úteis, diretamente da rede de distribuição, nos pontos previamente estabelecidos e analisadas, em duplicata, de novembro de 2004 a outubro de 2010, no laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Saúde Coletiva do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia Preventiva e Social (NEPESCO) da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba/UNESP, utilizando-se um analisador de íons acoplado a um eletrodo específico para flúor. Do total das amostras (n=591), 67,2% (n=397) apresentaram teores de flúor entre 0,6 e 0,8 mgF/L; 20,6% (n=122) abaixo de 0,6 mgF/L; 11,5% (n=68) entre 0,8 e 1,2 mgF/L e 0,7% (n=4) acima de 1,2 mgF/L. A maioria das amostras apresentou teores de fluoreto dentro dos parâmetros recomendados. Observou-se variação mínima entre os pontos de coleta analisados, demonstrando que o município tem obtido êxito no controle dos níveis de flúor presentes na água e evidenciando a importância da vigilância e monitoramento constantes para garantir a qualidade da água fornecida à população.

Fluoride concentration in the top-selling Brazilian toothpastes purchased at different regions

To be relevant in terms of public health, widely-used toothpastes should have at least 1,000 ppm of soluble fluoride (F) concentration. Thus, the concentrations of total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) in the top-selling Brazilian toothpastes were evaluated. Samples (n=3) from toothpastes Colgate Anti-cáries®, Colgate Total 12 Clean Mint®, Colgate Tripla Ação Menta Original®, Colgate Tripla Ação Menta Suave® and Sorriso Dentes Brancos® were obtained from each of the five regions of the country. The concentrations of TF and TSF were analyzed with ion-specific electrode calibrated with F standards and the results were expressed in ppm (µg F/g). All toothpastes showed TF concentration lower than 1,500 ppm F (1,388.2 ± 25.8 to 1,483.2 ± 98.2). The TSF values were higher than 1,000 ppm F and ranged from 1,035.5 ± 61.5 to 1,221.8 ± 35.2 for calcium carbonate/monofluorophosphate-based toothpastes and from 1,455.6 ± 12.5 to 1,543.0 ± 147.3 for silica/sodium fluoride-based toothpaste. Top-selling Brazilian toothpastes presented available fluoride concentration to control caries regardless of the region where they are purchased.

Para ter relevância em termos de saúde pública, os cremes dentais amplamente utilizados pela população devem ter fluoreto (F) solúvel numa concentração mínima de 1.000 ppm F. Assim, as concentrações de fluoreto total (FT) e flureto solúvel total (FST) nos cremes dentais mais vendidos no Brasil foram avaliados. Os cremes dentais (n=3) Colgate Anti-cáries®, Colgate Total 12 Clean Mint®, Colgate Tripla Ação Menta Original®, Colgate Tripla Ação Menta Suave® e Sorriso Dentes Brancos® foram obtidos nas cinco regiões do país. As concentrações de FT e FST foram analisadas com eletrodo íon-específico calibrado com padrões de F e os resultados foram expressos em ppm (µg F/g). Todos os cremes dentais apresentaram concentração de FT inferior a 1.500 ppm F (1.388,2 ± 25,8 a 1.483,2 ± 98,2). Os valores de FST foram superiores a 1.000 ppm F e variaram de 1.035,5 ± 61,5 a 1.221,8 ± 35,2 para cremes dentais a base de carbonato de cálcio/monofluorfosfato e de 1.455,6 ± 12,5 a 1.543,0 ± 147,3 para o creme dental à base de sílica/fluoreto de sódio. Os cremes dentais mais vendidos no Brasil apresentaram concentração de fluoreto solúvel para controlar cárie, independentemente da região onde foram comprados.

Patrón de liberación de flúor in vitro en sellantes fluorados de resina / In vitro fluoride-release profile of fluoridated resin-based sealants

Objetivo: Comparar in vitro la cantidad de fluoruros liberados por los principales sellantes de puntos y fisuras basados en resina comercialmente disponibles en Latinoamérica. Material y Métodos: Se evaluó la liberación de fluoruros in vitro en tres sellantes fluorados de puntos y fisuras: Helioseal F (HF), Fissurit F (FF), Clinpro (CF) y Delton (D), sin flúor como control. Se utilizaron 28 discos de 12 mm de diámetro y 2 mm de espesor (n=7 por grupo). Las muestras fueron almacenadas en 5 ml de agua ultra de-ionizada con pH neutro a 37º C por 93 días. La liberación de fluoruros fue medida mediante un electrodo iónico selectivo a los 1, 2, 3, 8, 15, 28 y 93 días. Los datos fueron analizados con el test ANOVA y Tukey (p<0.05). Resultados: El patrón de liberación de flúor fue similar para los tres sellantes fluorados: una alta liberación durante las primeras 24 horas, que disminuyó bruscamente hacia el segundo día. Luego continuó con una disminución progresiva hasta el día 93. El primer día, FF liberó significativamente más fluoruros que HF. Entre los días 2 y 15 FF y HF liberaron significativamente más fluoruros que CF. Desde el día 28 en adelante, las diferencias de liberación de flúor no fueron significativas. Conclusión: El patrón de liberación de flúor in vitro es similar para los sellantes fluorados, con una elevada liberación durante los primeros dos días y luego, una marcada disminución en todos ellos. Este resultado podría explicar la falta de diferencias en la tasa de caries en pacientes tratados con sellantes de resina fluorados y no-fluorados observada en estudios clínicos.

Aim: To compare in vitro the amount of fluoride released from the main pit and fissure sealant resin-based on commercially available in Latin America. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight samples of 12 x 2 mm were made from three commercial fluoridated resin-based sealants: Helioseal F (HF), Fissurit F (FF), Clinpro (CF) and without fluoride Delton (D), as a control. Samples were stored in 5 ml of deionized water at 37° C and neutral pH. Fluoride releases were measured at 1, 2, 3, 8, 15, 28 and 93 days with an ion-selective electrode. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and one-way and Tukey (p<0.05). Results: Fluoride-release profiles were similar for the three fluoridated sealants: a high release rates during the first 24 hrs and then a drastic drop. Afterward, they continued with a progressive decrease until day 93. The first day, FF release significantly more fluoride than HF. Between days 2 and 15, CF release significantly less fluoride than FF and HF, and later, there was no significant differences between sealants (p>0.05). Conclusion: The fluoride-release profile is similar for the fluoridated resin-based sealants under study: a high release during the first two days and afterwards, a very slow release. These results can explain the lack of differences in caries rate between fluoridated and non-fluoridated resin-based sealants observed in clinical trials.

Effect of three tropical fluoride solutions on fluoride level in plaque / Efeito de três soluções tópicas de fluor no nível de fluor do biofilme dentário

Objective: To examine process inside plaque after application of three topical fluoride solutions: 1% TiF4, 1% NaF and Aminfluorid solution. Efficiency of three of these was estimated through concentrations of fluoride ions. Methods: Fluoride ions concentrations were measured and demonstrated as potential of fluoride electrode. 60 adult volunteers, divided in three groups (20 volunteers for each group, one agent per one group) have participated in the research. Subjects refrained of oral hygiene for 48 hours before the experiment. Plaque samples were taken before the application of fluoride solutions, and again after 5, 30, 60 and 120 minutes following the treatment. Results: Fluoride concentrations in plaque were not significantly different for three tested solutions. Conclusion: There isn't clinically significant difference in efficacy of three used topical fluoride agents, despite their pH values differences. Only one statistically significant difference appeared after 60 minutes between sodium fluoride and titanium tetra fluoride, but it disappeared after 120 minutes.

Objetivo: Avaliar a ação no biofilme dental após a aplicação de três soluções de flúor tópico: 1% TIF4, NaF 1% e solução de Aminfluorid. A eficiência das três soluções foi estimada através da concentração de íons de flúor. Método: As concentrações de íons de flúor foram medidas com um eletrodo para flúor. 60 voluntários adultos, divididos em três grupos (20 voluntários para cada grupo, uma substância por um grupo) participaram da pesquisa. Os sujeitos permaneceram sem higiene oral por 48 horas antes do experimento. Amostras do biofilme dentário foram tomadas antes da aplicação das soluções de flúor, e novamente depois de 5, 30, 60 e 120 minutos após o tratamento. Resultados: A concentração de flúor no biofilme dental não foi estatisticamente diferente para as três soluções testadas. Conclusão: Não houve diferença clinicamente significativa na eficácia nas três soluções tópicas de flúor utilizadas, apesar das diferenças nos valores do pH. Apenas uma diferença estatisticamente significante foi observada após 60 minutos entre o fluoreto de sódio e o tetrafluoreto de titânio, mas ela desapareceu após 120 minutos.

Fluoride release profile of a nanofilled resin-modified glass ionomer cement

The present study aimed to compare the fluoride (F-) release pattern of a nanofilled resin-modified glass ionomer cement (GIC) (Ketac N100 - KN) with available GICs used in dental practice (resin-modified GIC - Vitremer - V; conventional GIC - Ketac Molar - KM) and a nanofilled resin composite (Filtek Supreme - RC). Discs of each material (n=6) were placed into 4 mL of deionized water in sealed polyethylene vials and shaken, for 15 days. F- release (μg F-/cm²) was measured each day using a fluoride-ion specific electrode. Cumulative F- release means were statistically analyzed by linear regression analysis. In order to analyze the differences among materials and the influence of time in the daily F- release, 2-way ANOVA test was performed (α=0.05). The linear fits between the cumulative F- release profiles of RC and KM and time were weak. KN and V presented a strong relationship between cumulative F- release and time. There were significant differences between the daily F- release overtime up to the third day only for GICs materials. The daily F- release means for RC were similar overtime. The results indicate that the F- release profile of the nanofilled resin-modified GIC is comparable to the resin-modified GIC.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar o padrão de liberação de fluoreto (F-) de um cimento de ionômero de vidro (CIV) nanoparticulado modificado por resina (Ketac N100 - KN) com CIVs disponíveis na prática clínica (CIV modificado por resina - Vitremer - V; CIV convencional - Ketac Molar - KM) e uma resina composta nanoparticulada (Filtek Supreme - RC). Discos de cada material (n=6) foram imersos em 4 mL de água deionizada em frascos de polietileno e agitados durante 15 dias. A liberação de F- (μg F-/cm²) foi medida a cada dia utilizando um eletrodo de F- específico. Os valores de liberação cumulativa de F- foram analisados estatisticamente por análise de regressão linear. Com o objetivo de analisar as diferenças entre os materiais e a influência do tempo na liberação diária de F- foi aplicado o teste ANOVA a dois critérios (α=0,05). A relação entre os padrões de liberação de cumulativo de F- da RC e KM e o tempo foram fracas. Os materiais KN e V apresentaram uma relação forte entre a liberação cumulativa de F- e o tempo. Diferenças significativas foram observadas entre a liberação diária de F- até o terceiro dia somente para os cimentos ionoméricos. Os resultados indicam que o padrão de liberação de F- do CIV modificado por resina nanoparticulado é semelhante ao CIV modificado por resina.

Fluoride Release from Restorative Materials

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro fluoride (F) release from 4 restorative materials (3M ESPE): Ketak Molar Easymix [KME - conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC)]; Rely-X luting 2 [RL2 - resin-modified GIC (RMGIC)]; Vitremer (VIT- RMGIC); and Filtek Z250 [Z250 - negative control]. Disc-shaped specimens were fabricated according to the manufacturer’s instructions and placed into 10 mL of reverse osmosis water at 37°C until the analyses were done using a liquid membrane for selective F ion electrode (Orion 710). F release was evaluated every 6 h in the first day and thereafter daily during 28 days (d). The results were analyzed statistically by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α=0.05). Mean F release and standard deviation values (in ppm) were: KME: 6 h- 0.34 ± 0.04; 24 h- 1.22 ± 0.30; 7 d- 0.29 ± 0.09; 14 d- 0.20 ± 0.04; 28 d- 0.16 ± 0.01; RL2: 6 h- 2.46 ± 0.48; 24 h-12.33 ± 2.93; 7 d- 1.37 ± 0.38; 14 d- 0.80 ± 0.13; 28 d- 0.80 ± 0.21; VIT: 6 h- 0.98 ± 0.35; 24 h- 4.35 ± 1.22; 7 d- 0.66 ± 0.23; 14 d- 0.40 ± 0.07; 28 d- 0.39 ± 0.08; Z250: 6 h- 0.029 ± 0.001; 24 h- 0.024 ± 0.009; 7 d- 0.023 ± 0.004; 14 d- 0.025 ± 0.001; 28 d- 0.028 ± 0.001. RL2 RMGIC released more F than the other materials in all periods. The greatest release of F occurred in the first 24 h.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, a liberação de flúor (F) de 4 materiais restauradores (3M-ESPE): KME cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional (CIV) (Ketak Molar Easymix); RX2- GIC modificado por resina (RMGIC) (Rely-X luting 2); VIT-RMGIC (Vitremer); -resina composta Z250 (controle negativo) (Filtek Z250). As amostras foram confeccionadas de acordo com as instruções do fabricante e colocadas em 10 mL de água destilada 37°C até as leituras, que foram feitas utilizando um eletrodo de íon seletivo de fluoreto de membrana líquida (Orion 710). A liberação de flúor foi avaliada a cada 6 h no primeiro dia e, diariamente durante 28 dias (d). Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente usando ANOVA a dois critérios e teste de Tukey. A média e desvio padrão de liberação de F, valores (em ppm) foram: KME: 6 h- 0,34 ± 0,04; 24 h- 1,22 ± 0,30; 7 d- 0,29 ± 0,09; 14 d- 0,20 ± 0,04; 28 d- 0,16 ± 0,01; RL2: 6 h- 2,46 ± 0,48; 24 h- 12,33 ± 2,93; 7 d- 1,37 ± 0,38; 14 d- 0,80 ± 0,13; 28 d- 0,80 ± 0,21; VIT: 6 h- 0,98 ± 0,35; 24 h- 4,35 ± 1,22; 7 d- 0,66 ± 0,23; 14 d- 0,40 ± 0,07; 28 d- 0,39 ± 0,08; Z250: 6 h- 0,029 ± 0,001; 24 h- 0,024 ± 0,009; 7 d- 0,023 ± 0,004; 14 d- 0,025 ± 0,001; 28 d- 0,028 ± 0,001. Concluiu-se que RL2 liberou mais F do que os outros materiais em todos os períodos. A maior liberação de F ocorreu nas primeiras 24 h.

Evaluating the uncertainty in urinary fluoride measurement by ion selective electrode method / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the uncertainty of measurement result of urinary fluoride and to provide quality assurance for determinations.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The investigation was conducted, according with principles and methods for uncertainty evaluation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The uncertainty of the combined standard of present method was 2.86 %. For the sample containing 4.47 mg/L urinary fluoride, the expanded uncertainty was 0.26 mg/L.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The uncertainty of the present method was mainly from the sample repeatability, the preparation of standard solution, the linearity of the calibration curve and instruments and so on.</p>

Fluoride and bacterial content of bottled drinking water versus municipal tap water.

Background: Water is a divine gift. People quench their thirst without questioning the source of water. But, apprehension about contaminants in municipal water supplies along with increased fear of fluorosis made bottled drinking water as one of the important tradable commodities. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to determine and compare the fluoride and bacterial contents of commercially available bottled drinking water and municipal tap water in Davangere city, Karnataka. Materials and Methods: Fifty samples of 10 categories of bottled drinking water with different batch numbers were purchased and municipal water from different sources were collected. Fluoride levels were determined by an ion-selective electrode. Water was cultured quantitatively and levels of bacteria were calculated as colony-forming units (CFUs) per milliliter. Results: Descriptive analysis of water samples for fluoride concentration was in the range of 0.07-0.33 for bottled drinking water, Bisleri showing the highest of 0.33. A comparison of the mean values of microbial count for bottled drinking water with that of municipal tap water showed no statistically significant difference, but was more than the standard levels along with the presence of fungus and maggots. Conclusion: The fluoride concentration was below the optimal level for both municipal tap water and bottled drinking water. CFUs were more than the recommended level in both municipal tap water and bottled drinking water.